Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

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Listen to Symphony No. 5 in C-Sharp Minor: IV. Adagietto. Sehr langsam by Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich & Paavo Järvi, see lyrics, music video & more!

Symphony No. 5 in C-Sharp Minor: IV. Adagietto. Sehr langsamTonhalle-Orchester Zürich & Paavo Järvi

Listen to Piano Concerto in G Major, M. 83: III. Presto by Yuja Wang, Lionel Bringuier & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich, see lyrics, music video & more!

Piano Concerto in G Major, M. 83: III. PrestoYuja Wang, Lionel Bringuier & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

Listen to Flute Concerto: II. Andante sostenuto by Emmanuel Pahud, David Zinman & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich, see lyrics, music video & more!

Flute Concerto: II. Andante sostenutoEmmanuel Pahud, David Zinman & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

Listen to Symphony No. 3 in F Major, Op. 90: III. Poco allegretto by David Zinman & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich, see lyrics, music video & more!

Symphony No. 3 in F Major, Op. 90: III. Poco allegrettoDavid Zinman & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

Listen to Nosferatu - A Symphony of Horror, Act I: Overture by Frank Strobel, Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich & Saya Hashino, see lyrics, music video & more!

Nosferatu - A Symphony of Horror, Act I: OvertureFrank Strobel, Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich & Saya Hashino

Listen to Symphony No. 1 in C Minor, Op. 11: II. Andante by Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich & Paavo Järvi, see lyrics, music video & more!

Symphony No. 1 in C Minor, Op. 11: II. AndanteTonhalle-Orchester Zürich & Paavo Järvi

Listen to Piano Concerto in G Major, M. 83: II. Adagio assai by Yuja Wang, Lionel Bringuier & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich, see lyrics, music video & more!

Piano Concerto in G Major, M. 83: II. Adagio assaiYuja Wang, Lionel Bringuier & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

Listen to Symphony No. 5 in C-Sharp Minor: I. Trauermarsch. In gemessenem Schritt. Streng. Wie ein Kondukt by Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich & Paavo Järvi, see lyrics, music video & more!

Symphony No. 5 in C-Sharp Minor: I. Trauermarsch. In gemessenem Schritt. Streng. Wie ein KonduktTonhalle-Orchester Zürich & Paavo Järvi

Listen to Piano Concerto for the Left Hand in D Major, M. 82: I. Lento by Yuja Wang, Lionel Bringuier & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich, see lyrics, music video & more!

Piano Concerto for the Left Hand in D Major, M. 82: I. LentoYuja Wang, Lionel Bringuier & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

Listen to Piano Concerto in G Major, M. 83: I. Allegramente by Yuja Wang, Lionel Bringuier & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich, see lyrics, music video & more!

Piano Concerto in G Major, M. 83: I. AllegramenteYuja Wang, Lionel Bringuier & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

Latest Release

Listen to Mahler: Symphony No. 5 by Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich & Paavo Järvi

ALBUMMahler: Symphony No. 5Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich & Paavo Järvi

More albums from Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

Listen to Orff: Carmina Burana by Paavo Järvi & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

ALBUMOrff: Carmina BuranaPaavo Järvi & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

Listen to Young: Nosferatu - A Symphony of Horror by Frank Strobel, Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich & Saya Hashino

ALBUMYoung: Nosferatu - A Symphony of HorrorFrank Strobel, Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich & Saya Hashino

Listen to Bruckner: Symphony No. 9 (Original Version) by Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich & Paavo Järvi

ALBUMBruckner: Symphony No. 9 (Original Version)Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich & Paavo Järvi

Listen to Brahms: Symphony No. 4 in E Minor, Op. 98 by Frankfurt Opera Orchestra, NDR Elbphilharmonie Orchestra, Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich & Classical Masters

ALBUMBrahms: Symphony No. 4 in E Minor, Op. 98Frankfurt Opera Orchestra, NDR Elbphilharmonie Orchestra, Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich & Classical Masters

Listen to Mendelssohn: Symphonies by Paavo Järvi & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

ALBUMMendelssohn: SymphoniesPaavo Järvi & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

Listen to Bruckner: Symphony No. 8 by Paavo Järvi & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

ALBUMBruckner: Symphony No. 8Paavo Järvi & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

Listen to Bruckner: Symphony No. 7 by Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich & Paavo Järvi

ALBUMBruckner: Symphony No. 7Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich & Paavo Järvi

Listen to John Adams by Paavo Järvi & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

ALBUMJohn AdamsPaavo Järvi & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

Listen to Wagner and Strauss Recital (Hans Knappertsbusch - The Opera Edition: Volume 9) by Maria Reining, Paul Schöffler, Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich & Hans Knappertsbusch

ALBUMWagner and Strauss Recital (Hans Knappertsbusch - The Opera Edition: Volume 9)Maria Reining, Paul Schöffler, Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich & Hans Knappertsbusch

Listen to Tchaikovsky: Symphony No. 1, Italian Capriccio, Waltz by Paavo Järvi & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

ALBUMTchaikovsky: Symphony No. 1, Italian Capriccio, WaltzPaavo Järvi & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

Listen to Tchaikovsky: Symphony No. 3, Polonaise & Coronation March by Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich & Paavo Järvi

ALBUMTchaikovsky: Symphony No. 3, Polonaise & Coronation MarchTonhalle-Orchester Zürich & Paavo Järvi

Listen to Tchaikovsky: Symphony No. 6 'Pathétique' & Romeo and Juliet by Paavo Järvi & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

ALBUMTchaikovsky: Symphony No. 6 'Pathétique' & Romeo and JulietPaavo Järvi & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

Listen to Tchaikovsky: Symphonies Nos. 2 & 4 by Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich & Paavo Järvi

ALBUMTchaikovsky: Symphonies Nos. 2 & 4Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich & Paavo Järvi

Listen to David Philip Hefti: Die Schneekönigin by David Philip Hefti & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

ALBUMDavid Philip Hefti: Die SchneeköniginDavid Philip Hefti & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

Listen to Tchaikovsky: Symphony No. 5 & Francesca da Rimini by Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich & Paavo Järvi

ALBUMTchaikovsky: Symphony No. 5 & Francesca da RiminiTonhalle-Orchester Zürich & Paavo Järvi

Listen to Natthall by Sebastian Mullaert & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

ALBUMNatthallSebastian Mullaert & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

Listen to Messiaen: L’Ascension, Le Tombeau resplendissant, Les Offrandes oubliées, Un sourire by Paavo Järvi & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

ALBUMMessiaen: L’Ascension, Le Tombeau resplendissant, Les Offrandes oubliées, Un sourirePaavo Järvi & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

Listen to Beethoven: Symphonies Nos. 5 & 7 - Dvořák: Symphony No. 9 & Cello Concerto by Paul Tortelier, Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich & Otto Ackermann

ALBUMBeethoven: Symphonies Nos. 5 & 7 - Dvořák: Symphony No. 9 & Cello ConcertoPaul Tortelier, Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich & Otto Ackermann

Listen to Ravel: Complete Orchestral Works by Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich & Lionel Bringuier

ALBUMRavel: Complete Orchestral WorksTonhalle-Orchester Zürich & Lionel Bringuier

Listen to Ravel by Yuja Wang, Lionel Bringuier & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

ALBUMRavelYuja Wang, Lionel Bringuier & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

ALBUML’Incoronazione di Poppea (The Coronation of Opppea)Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich, Zurich Tonhalle Chorus, Walter Goehr, Sylvia Gähwiller, Friedrich Brückner-Rüggeberg, Maria Hlbing, Margarete Witte-Waldbauer & Annelies Gamper

Listen to Mahler: Das Lied von der Erde - Busoni: Berceuse élégiaque by David Zinman & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

ALBUMMahler: Das Lied von der Erde - Busoni: Berceuse élégiaqueDavid Zinman & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

Listen to Schubert: Symphony No. 8 in C Major, D. 944 "Great" by David Zinman & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

ALBUMSchubert: Symphony No. 8 in C Major, D. 944 "Great"David Zinman & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

Listen to Wagner: Scenes & Orchestral Pieces by David Zinman & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

ALBUMWagner: Scenes & Orchestral PiecesDavid Zinman & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

ALBUMAntonin Dvorak: Cello Concerto in B Minor Opus. 104Paul Tortelier, Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich & Otto Ackermann

Listen to Schubert: Symphonies Nos. 5 & 6 by David Zinman & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

ALBUMSchubert: Symphonies Nos. 5 & 6David Zinman & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

Listen to Schubert: Symphonies Nos. 3 & 4 by David Zinman & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

ALBUMSchubert: Symphonies Nos. 3 & 4David Zinman & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

Listen to Apocalypse - Ride of the Valkyries (Walkürenritt) by David Zinman & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

ALBUMApocalypse - Ride of the Valkyries (Walkürenritt)David Zinman & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

Listen to Schubert: Symphonies Nos. 1 & 2 by David Zinman & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

ALBUMSchubert: Symphonies Nos. 1 & 2David Zinman & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

Listen to Schubert: Symphony No. 7 "Unfinished"; Rondo, Concerto & Polonaise for Violin and Orchestra by David Zinman & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

ALBUMSchubert: Symphony No. 7 "Unfinished"; Rondo, Concerto & Polonaise for Violin and OrchestraDavid Zinman & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

ALBUMTchaikovsky & Bartok: Violin ConcertosValeriy Sokolov, David Zinman & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

Listen to Dinu Lipatti: Cornerstones (1936-1950) by Dinu Lipatti, Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich & Otto Ackermann

ALBUMDinu Lipatti: Cornerstones (1936-1950)Dinu Lipatti, Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich & Otto Ackermann

Listen to Brahms: Symphonies 1-4 by David Zinman & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

ALBUMBrahms: Symphonies 1-4David Zinman & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

Listen to Mozart : Ouvertures by Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich & Josef Krips

ALBUMMozart : OuverturesTonhalle-Orchester Zürich & Josef Krips

Listen to Beethoven : Symphony No. 7 in A major, Op. 92 by Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich & Otto Ackermann

ALBUMBeethoven : Symphony No. 7 in A major, Op. 92Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich & Otto Ackermann

Listen to Dvorák: From the New World, Symphony No. 9 in E Minor, Op. 95 by Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich & Otto Ackermann

ALBUMDvorák: From the New World, Symphony No. 9 in E Minor, Op. 95Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich & Otto Ackermann

Listen to Schacher: The Rose of Jericho by Jochen Rieder, Linard Bardill & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

ALBUMSchacher: The Rose of JerichoJochen Rieder, Linard Bardill & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

Listen to Mahler: Symphony No. 10 by David Zinman & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

ALBUMMahler: Symphony No. 10David Zinman & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

Listen to Mahler: Symphony No. 9 by David Zinman & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

ALBUMMahler: Symphony No. 9David Zinman & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

Listen to Schacher: Die Rose von Jericho (Schweizer Mundart) by Jochen Rieder, Linard Bardill & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

ALBUMSchacher: Die Rose von Jericho (Schweizer Mundart)Jochen Rieder, Linard Bardill & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

Listen to Dvořák: Symphonie No. 9 "du Nouveau Monde". Suite Tchèque pour petit orchestre by Josef Krips, Orchestre de chambre de Prague & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

ALBUMDvořák: Symphonie No. 9 "du Nouveau Monde". Suite Tchèque pour petit orchestreJosef Krips, Orchestre de chambre de Prague & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

Listen to Mahler: Symphony No. 6 by David Zinman & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

ALBUMMahler: Symphony No. 6David Zinman & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

Listen to Mahler: Symphony No. 7 by David Zinman & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

ALBUMMahler: Symphony No. 7David Zinman & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

Listen to Mahler: Symphony No. 5 by David Zinman & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

ALBUMMahler: Symphony No. 5David Zinman & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

Listen to Paul Burkhard Dirigiert Hans Schaeuble (1906-1988) by Radio-Orchester Beromünster & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

ALBUMPaul Burkhard Dirigiert Hans Schaeuble (1906-1988)Radio-Orchester Beromünster & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

Listen to Saint-Saëns: Works for Piano Duo, Vol. 2 by Vilija Poskute, Tomas Daukantas & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

ALBUMSaint-Saëns: Works for Piano Duo, Vol. 2Vilija Poskute, Tomas Daukantas & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

Listen to Mahler: Sinfonie Nr. 3 by David Zinman, Schweizer Kammerchor, Birgit Remmert, Zurich Boys Choir, Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich, Fritz Näf & Will Brown

ALBUMMahler: Sinfonie Nr. 3David Zinman, Schweizer Kammerchor, Birgit Remmert, Zurich Boys Choir, Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich, Fritz Näf & Will Brown

Listen to Mahler: Symphony No. 2 by David Zinman & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

ALBUMMahler: Symphony No. 2David Zinman & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

Listen to Mahler: Symphony No. 1 by David Zinman & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

ALBUMMahler: Symphony No. 1David Zinman & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

Listen to Mahler: Symphony No. 5 by Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich & Sir Georg Solti

ALBUMMahler: Symphony No. 5Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich & Sir Georg Solti

Listen to Beethoven Piano Concerto No. 5 by David Zinman, Yefim Bronfman & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

ALBUMBeethoven Piano Concerto No. 5David Zinman, Yefim Bronfman & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

Listen to Beethoven: Triple Concerto, Septet by David Zinman, Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich, Yefim Bronfman, Truls Mørk, Jakob Hefti, Michel Rouilly, Florenz Jenny, Michael Reid, Gil Shaham & Ronald Dangel

ALBUMBeethoven: Triple Concerto, SeptetDavid Zinman, Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich, Yefim Bronfman, Truls Mørk, Jakob Hefti, Michel Rouilly, Florenz Jenny, Michael Reid, Gil Shaham & Ronald Dangel

Listen to Beethoven: Piano Concertos 3 & 4 by David Zinman & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

ALBUMBeethoven: Piano Concertos 3 & 4David Zinman & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

Listen to Beethoven: Symphonies Nos. 5 & 7 by Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich & Otto Ackermann

ALBUMBeethoven: Symphonies Nos. 5 & 7Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich & Otto Ackermann

Listen to Richard Strauss: Don Quixote; Romanze; Serenade, Op. 7 by David Zinman, Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich, Thomas Grossenbacher & Michel Rouilly

ALBUMRichard Strauss: Don Quixote; Romanze; Serenade, Op. 7David Zinman, Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich, Thomas Grossenbacher & Michel Rouilly

Listen to Richard Strauss: Sinfonia Domestica; Parergon by David Zinman & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

ALBUMRichard Strauss: Sinfonia Domestica; ParergonDavid Zinman & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

Listen to Strauss: 100 Jahre by David Zinman & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

ALBUMStrauss: 100 JahreDavid Zinman & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

Listen to Khachaturian & Ibert: Flute Concertos by David Zinman, Emmanuel Pahud & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

ALBUMKhachaturian & Ibert: Flute ConcertosDavid Zinman, Emmanuel Pahud & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

Listen to R. Strauss: Vier letzte Lieder - Metamorphosen - Oboenkonzert by David Zinman, Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich, Melanie Diener & Simon Fuchs

ALBUMR. Strauss: Vier letzte Lieder - Metamorphosen - OboenkonzertDavid Zinman, Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich, Melanie Diener & Simon Fuchs

Listen to Richard Strauss: Eine Alpensinfonie, Festliches Präludium by David Zinman & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

ALBUMRichard Strauss: Eine Alpensinfonie, Festliches PräludiumDavid Zinman & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

Listen to Richard Strauss: Also sprach Zarathustra, Don Juan by David Zinman & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

ALBUMRichard Strauss: Also sprach Zarathustra, Don JuanDavid Zinman & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

Listen to R. Strauss: Ein Heldenleben & Tod und Verklärung by David Zinman & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

ALBUMR. Strauss: Ein Heldenleben & Tod und VerklärungDavid Zinman & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

Listen to Strauss: Aus Italien, Macbeth by David Zinman & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

ALBUMStrauss: Aus Italien, MacbethDavid Zinman & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

Listen to Strauss: Don Juan, Till Eulenspiegel, Also Sprach Zarathustra by David Zinman & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

ALBUMStrauss: Don Juan, Till Eulenspiegel, Also Sprach ZarathustraDavid Zinman & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

Listen to Honegger: Symphony No. 2, Pacific 231, Pastorale d'été, Rugby, Monopartita, Mouvement symphonique No. 3 by David Zinman & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

ALBUMHonegger: Symphony No. 2, Pacific 231, Pastorale d'été, Rugby, Monopartita, Mouvement symphonique No. 3David Zinman & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

Listen to Beethoven: Symphonies No. 1 & 2 by David Zinman & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

ALBUMBeethoven: Symphonies No. 1 & 2David Zinman & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

Listen to Beethoven: Symphonies Nos. 1 & 2 by David Zinman & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

ALBUMBeethoven: Symphonies Nos. 1 & 2David Zinman & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

Listen to Beethoven: Sinfonie Nos. 7 & 8 by David Zinman & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

ALBUMBeethoven: Sinfonie Nos. 7 & 8David Zinman & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

Listen to Lehár Conducts Lehár by Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich & Franz Lehár

ALBUMLehár Conducts LehárTonhalle-Orchester Zürich & Franz Lehár

Listen to Swiss Life - Beethoven: Sinfonie No. 3 "Eroica" by David Zinman & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

ALBUMSwiss Life - Beethoven: Sinfonie No. 3 "Eroica"David Zinman & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

Listen to Beethoven: Symphonies Nos. 5 & 6 by David Zinman & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

ALBUMBeethoven: Symphonies Nos. 5 & 6David Zinman & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

Listen to Beethoven Sinfonie Nr. 5&6 by David Zinman & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

ALBUMBeethoven Sinfonie Nr. 5&6David Zinman & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

Listen to Chopin: Piano Concerto No. 1, Op. 11 by Otto Ackermann, Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich & Dinu Lipatti

ALBUMChopin: Piano Concerto No. 1, Op. 11Otto Ackermann, Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich & Dinu Lipatti

Listen to TCHAIKOVSKY & MENDELSSOHN: VIOLIN CONCERTOS by Teiko Maehashi, Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich & Christoph Eschenbach

ALBUMTCHAIKOVSKY & MENDELSSOHN: VIOLIN CONCERTOSTeiko Maehashi, Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich & Christoph Eschenbach

Listen to Giuseppe di Stefano: Operatic Recital by Giuseppe di Stefano, Franco Patané, Orchestra dell'Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

ALBUMGiuseppe di Stefano: Operatic RecitalGiuseppe di Stefano, Franco Patané, Orchestra dell'Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich's Popular Music Videos

Moonwaker

Sebastian Mullaert & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

Ascending of a Spotless Bird

Sebastian Mullaert & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

Views of Natthall

Sebastian Mullaert & Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

About Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich

Hometown

Zurich, Switzerland

Formed

1895

Genre

Classical

The Zurich Tonhalle Orchestra (or Tonhalle Orchester Zürich) is among Switzerland's leading symphonic ensembles. The orchestra is of unusual antiquity, with roots stretching back into the 17th century. The Zurich Tonhalle Orchestra has become more active on recordings, issuing several albums annually in the 2020s. These included a recording of Mahler's Symphony No. 5 in C sharp minor under conductor Paavo Järvi in 2025. By that time, the group's recording catalog comprised well over 50 digital releases, plus albums dating back to the LP and 78 rpm eras.

Members of Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich include, or have included, David Zinman, Paul Angerer, Joseph Bastian, Sarah Verrue, and Samuel Langmeier.